Comparing the Play versus the Film of William Shakespeares Much Ado Ab

Comparing the Play versus the Film of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing ?Much Ado About Nothing'' is a postwar love story. Its principal subject is that of romance that may settle over the land after soldiers come home. I noticed that Much Ado is actually two love stories. One concerns sweetly innocent lovers who are driven apart by the plotting of enemies. The other involves very sarcastic lovers who are swept into each other's arms by the benign machinations of friends. I had a lot of trouble understanding the dialect, I grew up a country boy and we didn?t do much of this in my 14 persons graduating class. None the less I didn?t think it was a waste of time either. It was of very good quality as far as a plot is concerned. It had evil, jealousy, lust, love, romance, comedy and of course tragedy. If I were to do it over again I would go see the movie first, the play second. I was able to understand more from the movie than I did the play. I think that if I had done this I might have got more from the play. As the good prince of Arragon, Denzel Washington did a superb job, and as Claudio, the love-struck innocent, Robert Sean Leonard performed great just as he has done in any other theatrical movies that I have seen him in. But in the lesser role of the prince's evil half brother, Keanu Reeves didn?t appear to be all that special, at times he did look evil but I have never been a big fan of Keanu?s acting. He always sounds like a baboon when he opens his mouth. Maybe I am just remembering too much of Bill and Ted?s Excellent adventure? Beatrice and Bene*censored* are adversaries united only in their contempt for marriage. Once the two finally let down their guard and allow their true feelings to blossom... ...and several more keeps you and your emotions on a roller coaster ride. Which is brilliant because we all know that as humans we adhere to stimulation and that is what it does, it stimulates us by incorporating all these emotions and jumping around with them. With the movie it also adds a score and soundtrack as well as camera shots and things that appeals to our senses that much more. At least it does for me. Branagh's interpretation of Shakespeare's play leaves the viewer with the impression of a fairy tale in which everyone (except the villain) will live happily ever after. The film is good, but even as I am partial to the movie I do believe to properly appreciate Shakespeare's work it is necessary to take the time to peruse the play in a leisurely and contemplative manner, and if anything to get the WHOLE play in which the movie did not give.

Gandhi’s Philosophy of Non-Violence Essay

First there was hostility, blood, vandalism, looting, pillaging, and then there was Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi was one of the most influential people in history and fittingly has a place in the pantheon of the visionaries who changed the world. His philosophies of ahimsa and satyagraha, meaning non violence and non violent resistance respectively as a form of civil resistance and disobedience is one of the most prominent and most renowned for its massive implementations throught history. This essay’s aim is to describe the basic principles of ahimsa (non-violence) as it was introduced by Gandhi and bring to light one very important aspect of his teachings, the fact that violence is not only its obvious and apparent physical form, but can also be economic, ethical, political, psychological and educational and the only way for these to be eradicated is through peaceful manifestations. Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violence (ahimsa) and non-violent action (satyagraha) is constitu ted by a number of fundamental principles. Thomas Berton, having dedicated his life being drawn into a dialogue between Eastern and Western religions and viewpoints, has made a lot of research on the matter. In his book entitled â€Å"Gandhi on Non Violence: A Selection from the Writings of Mahatma Gandhi† he insightfully states that â€Å"Ahimsa (non violence) is for Gandhi the basic law of our being† (23). Based on this notion, Berton argues that non violence is one of the most valuable beliefs when it comes to public action, because it matches up to man’s instinctive craving for peace, justice, freedom etc. (23). The main principles of Gandhian non violence are respect for other people, understanding, acceptance of the differences of others, appreciating and celebrating diversity, truth and truthfulness, dealing with untruth wherever one finds it, and soaking up pain and agony from any altercation with untruth. According to Berton, â€Å"[s]ince himsa (violence) degrades and corrupts man, to meet forc e with force and hatred with hatred only increases man’s progressive degeneration† (23). In practicing the relational values of non violence we seek to recuperate and renew ourselves, become the change we want to see in the world and eventually demonstrate that people, organizations and governments can move the world toward love and peace pro-actively. Ahimsa gives man the possibility to reinstate impartiality and social order and by no means usurp authority (Berton 23). One aspect of Gandhi’s philosophy that is universally unfamiliar is that of the multidimensionality of violence. Douglas Allen, in his article â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi on Violence and Peace Education† focuses attention on this feature. â€Å"Gandhi, of course is very concerned with violence in the more usual sense of overt physical violence† (Allen 295). However, as Allen correctly points out, such severe explicit violence only comprises a minute quantity of the violence that ought to be dealt with (295). â€Å"For Gandhi, non violence is more than the absence of overt violence; peace i s more than the absence of overt war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Allen 294). According to Douglas Allen, â€Å"interpreters of violence†, center on obvious demonstrations, such as murdering, injuring, rape etc. while Gandhi focuses on the diverse kinds of violence and how status quo, even when liberated from explicit violent disagreements, is undeniably very aggressive (294). â€Å"These many dimensions of violence interact, [and] mutually reinforce each other†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Allen 295). Gandhi, as Allen rightly illustrates, is very considerate of affairs, in which some who own a lot of money are able to take advantage of and govern those deficient of such supremacy (295). This is a typical example of economic violence. Furthermore, Gandhi uses the term educational violence. â€Å"A professor may use the grade as a weapon to threaten, intimidate, terrorize, and control students, including those who raise legitimate concerns†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Allen 296). Similarly, most political discipline would be analysed by Gandhi as being innately violent, as it actually engages us in a world of â€Å"antagonistic adversarial relations† (Allen 296). All these different kinds of violence, according to Gandhi, can be done away with only through peaceful manifestations and the employment of non violence. In conclusion, non violence is essential to people because it matches their innate will for peace, harmony, freedom and order. Any action of violence degenerates their progress. Violence has many faces, including political, economic, educational, ethical and psychological aspects. Gandhi focuses on such features, as he considers them the big piece out of the pie named violence. Non violence is based on tolerance, acceptance, truth and diversity and gives everyone the possibility to re-establish objectivity and justice, but that can only happen if everyone erases violence from his life. Works Cited Allen, Douglas. â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi on Violence and Peace Education.† Philosophy East and West 57.3 (2007): 290-310. JSTOR. Web. 30 May 2012. Merton, Thomas. Gandhi on Non Violence: A Selection from the Writings of Mahatma Gandhi. New York, NY: New Directions, 1965. Print.

Philosophy essay Essay

The nature of inquiry is not one that is uncommon to the human race. From the very origin of philosophy, the term for the â€Å"love of wisdom†, individuals have spent countless hours contemplating the most essential and critical matters before them. These individuals have made substantial attempts to explain reasoning behind the functioning of earthly matters, and by virtue of their study, they have come to be known as philosophers. While various philosophers have contributed to significant revelations and theories, the main pre-socratic philosophical movements were of ancient Greek origin and are attributed to the following philosophers: Thales, Anaximander, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Parmenides. Born in Miletus, Thales was discontent with the traditional stories of enchantment known as myths. Aristotle contributed the fact that he saw him as the very first philosopher, which a very common belief in the modern world. His major contributions were his beliefs that the cause and element of all things is water, and that all things are occupied with gods. The impressive matter is that Thales recognized that there is only one particular base for all things and that it was a naturally occurring substance that was very tangible and real. While there is not much information on Thales, it is speculated that he chose water because of its diversity and physical characteristics that allow for it to prevail in liquid, solid, and gaseous forms. As for his second contribution, the Greeks were firm believers of the immortality of the gods and their occupation in the lives of the humans and the natural world. Therefore, it would not be unusual for them to 2 reside in all things present on the earth. Thales very truly was the very first philosopher as he began the search for the answer to why things happen as they do. The Greek nature was not one to simply accept Thales propositions, but rather they focused on refuting it and providing other alternatives. Anaximander provided his own input on the matter with a theoretical proposition. He claims, that a system is in place, in which the Boundless is the infinite source of all, and it is the beginning- there was definitively nothing before it. The key feature of the Boundless is the immortality that it possesses, and further, it â€Å"encompasses all things† and â€Å"steers all things. † This concept of resolute envelopment is seen again in the New Testament, where it is reinforced that God is in all things. The Boundless is neither one thing, nor another, but rather, it maintains its own distinctive persona, and from it came all other things. Anaximander contributed many more developments, but they were all later proved incorrect. However, he does also state that existing things â€Å"make reparation to one another for their injustice according to the ordinance of time. † This suggests that a balance in nature must be properly observed. A hot summer must be counteracted with a cold winter, and so the seasons encroach on the â€Å"rights† as a result of the others and serve them injustice, but reparation is seen at the turn of the seasons. The developments made by Anaximander contradict what was then the Homeric tradition and essentially spurred a cultural crisis as the Greeks were unable to choose between the side of logic or that of myth and legend. A man known as Xenophanes came to the scene of philosophical inquiry when he clearly stated the religious implications of the new ideas of philosophy- a concept strictly avoided by most before him. He begins to critique the very nature of the gods, with the belief that it is shameful to portray them as no better than humans. While Xenophanes was not a disbeliever, he firmly believed in the presence of one god that reigned above all and was very different from 3 mortals in both body and mind. Xenophanes denies association with the gods through inspiration (i. e. muses) and any proposed revelation does not necessarily guarantee truth. He does, however, push us to format out believes by constantly seeking, even though he does not explain how. The belief is that over time, the continuous seeking will give to better opinions that may eventually be very near truth. He does not deny that there is the potential that some truth is known, but  simply that there is no such thing as certainty without definitive proof. He goes into the matter that there is a scale of truth, and unbeknownst to us, there is no way to tell on which side our supposed revelations lay. Xenophanes contributes a new direction for thought. The questioning that he provides, in fact, questions its very own self, which is the basis of epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. Lastly, he provides his belief that only the one god knows the absolute basis and value of the truth, and while we may seek it out, because we are inferior, we cannot know for sure. Known to the Romans as â€Å"Heraclitus the obscure† this philosopher often wrote in complex riddles. One of his famous thoughts is â€Å"All things come into being through opposition, and that all are in flux, like a river. † The major bit that he provides is that reality in itself is a flux. It is possible to step many times into the same river, but it will never exactly be the same as the waters will be different. He postulates that all things are then in flux and are ever-changing, even though they maintain a constant identity over the change. Further, the opposition is necessary to cause events to occur. A lyre will only play music if tension is pushed onto its strings. What makes a river is the force of the water that constantly runs through it, for without this force, there would be no river. It can be said that Heraclitus was an optimist as he believe that the changes in the world are not chaotic, but are structured by an order that is divine in nature, and therefore, it is good and beautiful. He stresses the presence of logos, and his belief 4 that those who are intelligent listen to it, while many who do not and are foolish. The many miss this because they fail to recognize the logos that is present in everyday life. Unlike his predecessors in philosophy, Parmenides was not Ionian, but instead from Elea. He wrote a complicated metaphysical poem in which he decrees that the content was revealed to him by divine powers. In his poem, an argument is provided, but rather than to accept it, it beckons one to judge it instead, which makes it philosophical in nature. His argument is divided between â€Å"the Way of Truth† and â€Å"the Way of Opinion. † Interestingly, he makes the point that you cannot think â€Å"nothing. † When you think, you think of what is, so you cannot think of something that is not, since nothing cannot be something. Parmenides urges people to follow reason, and reason alone. Therefore, he holds the title of the very first rationalist philosopher. Additionally, he believes that all that exists, exists all at once. By existing at once, it evades the concept of being what is not, because that which is not is inconceivable and cannot be thought about. Since the fathering of philosophy by Thales, the developments and inquisitions made by astounding men grew strongly throughout the Pre-Socratic era, and then progressively even more into the more current era. The most significant early men that helped philosophy take its very  roots were Thales, Anaximander, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, and Parmenides. Collectively, these men brought into question the very essential questions of philosophy that are even still argued and debated furiously over in the modern world. 5 Melchert, Norman. The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. Print. â€Å"Parmenides. † Web. 13 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Presocratics. † SparkNotes. SparkNotes. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. .

Verification of Heat Treatments Effect on the Microstructure of Aluminum Alloy (Al-Zn)

VERIFICATION OF HEAT TREATMENTS EFFECT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF ALUMINUM ALLOY (Al-Zn) *1 I. A. LATEEF, and 2 M. O. DUROWOJU 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osun State College of Technology, P. M. B. 1011, Esa – Oke, Nigeria. [email  protected] com 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo,State, Nigeria *(Address of correspondence) ABSTRACT: This study focused on the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of Aluminum – Zinc Alloy. The composition of the Aluminum alloy used is eighty percent (80%) of Aluminum and twenty percent (20%) of Zinc. The method of casting employed is Sand casting, while annealing and quenching were heat treatment processes it’s subjected to. The microstructure is taken. It is concluded that heat treatment have effect on the microstructure of Aluminum – Zinc alloy and responded well to Oil quench. [Keywords: Aluminum-Zinc Alloy, Heat treatment, Microstructure, Tensile test, Hardness test, Annealing and Water quenching. INTRODUCTION The extensive application of metals in the field of Engineering has necessitated the need for metal heat treatments in order to meet the taste of firm, industries and individual as a result of their wide engineering application. One of the major engineering fields where the application of various metals was used is Automobile engineering. In order to reduce motor vehicle weight, many automotive components have been redesigned to take advantage o f material such as lightweight and polymers. To this end aluminum casting alloys are being widely used for many automotive components (CAD, 2006), the alloys have good casting characteristics, reasonable mechanical properties, and are heat treatable (Melo, Rizzo and Santos, 2005). Material science and engineering today has developed to a stage where correlations between microstructure, properties and application can be established for many commonly used alloys. The structure of a material is related to its composition, properties, processing history and performance (Argo and Gruziesk,(1988) and Rooy,(1993)). And therefore, studying the microstructure of aluminum alloys provides information linking its composition and processing to its properties and performance interpretation of microstructure requires the understanding of the process by which various structures are formed. There are many processes by which aluminum alloys can be formed. The major process that is common and the focus of this study is the Sand casting process (Albert, (1957)). One of the common defects in aluminum castings is porosity (Monroe, (2005) and Tyler, 1981)). It is a clear fact that the quantity and the appearance of the porosity are very crucial to the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy casting, most especially the fatigue properties because the pore in micro scale are primary source of initial cracks for the final failure of the aluminum parts. Due to this the aluminum alloys structure need to be improved by metal treatment to have the required properties. Olanrewaju (2000), stated that metal treatments are classified into two groups namely-: Heat treatment and surface treatment. Surface treatment as corrosion resistance operations includes phosphating chroming nickeling, anodization and so on, While heat treatment as structural adjuster includes hardening, tempering toughening and so on (Ojediran and Alamu, (2004) and Vincet,(1968)). In this study, the effects of such heat treatment are determined to know the extent of their impact on the aluminum – Zinc alloys (Al- Zn). MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Materials used The targeted materials composition, uses and forms are as follows: TABLE 1 THE COMPOSITION, USES AND FORMS OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS |Composition | Uses | Forms | |Al – Zn 20% |Armored vehicle, Military | Rod (10mm x 150 mm) | | bridge, Motorcycle and | | | |Bicycle frames, | | | |Air frames etc | | Equipments used The following equipments were used for the study: Pit furnace, Sand mould, Electrical furnace, and Crucible Pots at FIIRO, Nigeria. And Mosanto Tensometer, Wild metallurgical Microscope, Polishing Machine,and Manual Grinding Machine at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Others are-Digital Cameral, Patterns, Grit papers, Emery Cloth/Paper, Silicon carbide solution of different grade and NaOH Solution Methods Casting Process A Crucible pots is used, 1 kg of commercial purity Aluminum (99. 7 % pure by weight) and 250g of Zinc is used. The alloying element Zn is put first in the Pot because of its high melting point (1108oc) which is higher than that of the base metal aluminium (660oc). So, the Zinc (Zn) in the pot is lowered first into the furnace while the aluminium is added after Zn has commenced melting. The mass of each of the alloying elements used for each sample can be obtained as follows: Total mass of mixture for the samples= frames Mass of Al + Mass of alloying element = 1kg + 0. 250kg = 1. 250kg Percentage of Aluminum (Al) in the mixture = mass of Al/Total mass x 100 =1/1. 250 x 100 = 80% Percentage of alloying element (Zn) = Mass of alloying element/Total mass x 100 =0. 25 / 1. 50 x 100 = 20% The dimension of one sample is as following: Height of the sample =150mm (15cm) Diameter of the sample = 12 mm (1. 2 cm) Radius of the sample =60mm (0. 6cm) Shape of the sample= Cylindrical Volume of the sample (V) =? r2h = 3. 142 x (0. 6) 2 x 13 = 16. 96 cm3 Density of Aluminum = 2. 69g/cm2 (Olagoke, 1999). Mass of sample used = ? x V = 2. 69 x 16. 96 = 45. 64 g Therefore, 80 % of Aluminum = 36. 51 g for each sample Also, 20% of Alloying element (Zn)= 9. 13 g For each sample (rod form) 36. 51 g Al + 9. 13 g of alloying element (Zn) were used. The samples for heat treatment are: Sample 1 =as received from Casting process. Sample 2 = for quenching in Water. Sample 3 = for Oil quench Sample 4 = for annealing (Furnace cool). The method adopted in casting the samples is sand molding (Sand casting). The casting process is performed at FIIRO Nigeria Limited, Lagos. The pattern is made from wood with the following dimensions Height – 15 cm Diameter – 1. 2 cm The sand used is the traditional-green sand’ which is a mixture of sand grains and clay particles, clean sand with oil and binders). The mould used is a conventional vertical sand mould. The drag is placed upside down on a firm flat surface and the pattern is placed face down and pattern is placed face down and then, dusted with a parting powder. Handfuls of sifted sand are then thrown at the pattern, covering every detail (Sand slinging). The sand is rammed. The drag is turned upside down with a swift movement. The cope is fitted onto the drag. The cope is rammed with sand and strictly making the top smooth and firm. And the cope is removed. The crucible is held about half way down with tongs and withdrawal from he furnace. Dross is raked away from pouring lip with heated skimmer and the metal poured in one continuous stream until it appears at the head of the riser. When the casting has solidified and cooled, the sand is knocked out and the casting fettled. Heat treatments process Heat treatment is also carried out at FIIRO Nigeria limited, Lagos. The types of heat treatment carried out are: Annealing and Quenching. Three each of Al-Zn casting samples were put in the electrical furnace (up to 3300oc). The soaking time for the sample in the furnace is one hour, after which two of the Al-Zn casting samples is removed and quench in both water and oil while the last one of Al-Zn is allowed to cool in the furnace atmosphere (annealing). Microstructure Analysis Process. The microstructure was done at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. The samples were machined and grounded to gauge 240, 320, 400, 600 each using Grinding Machine and Grit paper. Each sample is initially polished, using Polishing machine, emery cloth and Silicon Carbide. The final polishing is done with the aid of Polishing machine, Emery cloth and Silicon carbide of different grades while etching took effect using 5% NaOH Solution. Each sample is examined using the Optical Microscope to check that etch reveal clearly the Microstructure of the sample. The photograph of the resulting microstructure of the aluminum-Zinc (Al- Zn) alloy samples were taken using Optical microscope with x100 magnification and Digital Cameral. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Discussion on the Microstructure Results of Al- Zn Alloys. The figure 2 below shows the microstructure of Al-Zn alloy, As received sample i. without heat treatment. It can be observed that the grains were not homogeneous and pores are numerous towards the peripheral zone Figure 2 Microstructure of As Received; Al – Zn alloy Sample 1. The figure 3 below shows the microstructure of Al –Zn alloy, Oil quenched sample. It can be observed that the grains are more homogeneous and well distributed towards the core. The pores are not numerous compare to Al- Cu alloy, As received sample. Figure 3 Microstructure of Oil Quench; Al – Zn Alloy Sample 3.. Figure 4 below shows the microstructure of Al- Cu alloy, Furnace cooled sample. It can be observed that the grains were deformed at peripheral more than at the core of the structure and there are more pores than that of As received sample and Oil quenched sample. this indicates that there is no significant improvement in the microstructure arrangement of grains when Al-Cu alloy is oil quenched Figure 4 Microstructure of Furnace Cooled; Al – Zn Alloy Sample 4. Figure 5 below shows the microstructure of Al- Zn alloy, Water quenched sample. It can be observed that the grains were deformed throughout the structure and there are more pores than that of As received sample and Oil quenched sample. This indicates that there is no significant improvement in the microstructure arrangement of grains when Al-Zn alloy is Water quenched. Figure 5 Microstructure of Water Quench; Al – Zn Alloy Sample 2. . CONCLUSION From the result of the experiments, it can be deduced that: (i) The arrangement of the microstructure grains and pores are more even with the Oil quench method than any other heat treatment methods in Al – Zn alloy. (ii) There is relationship between the heat treatments method (Oil quench) and microstructure of Al- Zn alloy. iii) Oil quench Aluminium Zinc alloy (Al – Zn ) is more appropriate for the production of Armored vehicle, Military bridge, Motorcycle frames and Bicycle frames and Air frames ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The workers of FIIRO Nigeria limited,Lagos and Mr Alo of Metallurgy and Material Department, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile- Ife, Osun State, Nigeria are acknowledge for providing the facilities for this research work. REFERENCES Ojediran, J. O . and Alamu, O. J. (2005) Fundamental concepts in Materials Science and Engineering; Kunle (Nig) Printers; Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria. Vol. 1, 1st ed, pp. 46. Vincet, A. (1968) Workshop Theory for G. C. E. Metalwork and Engineering; Macmillan, 2ed, pp. 11- 14. Olagoke, S. A. (1999) Properties of Materials; Rosad and Company, Ibadan, 1st ed, pp. 210 – 211. Tyler, H. A. (1981) Science and Materials (Level iii); Van Nostrand Reinhold Limited, Australia,1st ed, pp. 170 Copper Development Association (CAD 2006) Standards and Properties – Microstructure of copper alloys Albert P. G. (1957) The fundamentals of Iron and Steel castings; The international Nickel Company, Inc. U. S. A. , pp. 11 Melo, M. L. N. , Rizzo, E. M. S. and Santos, R. G. 2005) Numeral Simulation Application in Microporosity Prevision in Aluminum alloy castings; Revisa Brasileira Applicacoes de Vacuo, vol. 24, pp. 36-40. Monroe, R. (2005) Porosity in casting; Schaumburg, USA, Siver Anniversary Paper, Division 4,American Foundry Society. pp. 1 – 28. ASM Metals Handbook,(1988); 9ed, Vol. 15, Casting, ASM Rooy, E. E. (1993) Hydrogen: Th e one- third Solution AFS Transactions, Vol. 101, and PP. 961 – 964. Argo, D. and Gruzleski J. E. (1988) Porosity in Modified Aluminum alloy Castings, AFST Transactions, Vol. 96, and pp. 65 – 73. ———————– [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]

Aging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Aging - Essay Example The questions have been in the mind of people for a century. However, despite the studies in the genetics and molecular biology, the mystery of controlling the lifespan of human is yet to be found (Nouwen & Gaffney, 2004). Many literatures have been put forward to explain the aging process, but none of them has been a success. The conventional aging literature believes that aging in not a genetically programmed. Modern theories in biological aging in humans can either be an error theory or a programmed theory. The programmed literatures believe that aging comes with a biological timetable, perhaps the continuous one in regulating the childhood development and growth. The regulation will depend on the expression of genes affecting systems that are responsible for defense response, maintenance, and repair. The damage theory emphasizes the assault of environment to the living organisms inducing the cumulative damage at different stages as the reason for aging (Cox, 2005). The programmed literature has three different categories; programmed longevity, endocrine theory, and immunology theory. According to programmed longevity, aging arises from sequential putting on and off for some of the genes. According to endocrine theory, the immune system can be programmed to decline with time, which arises to a rising vulnerability to diseases that are infectious and therefore aging and later death. It is researched that the immune system effectiveness peaks during puberty and slowly declines with the age advance. For instance, when a person grows older, the antibodies will lose effectiveness, and very few diseases will be combated by the body effectively, which leads to eventual death and cellular stress. The deregulated response of the immune has been connected to inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. Although direct relationship is yet to

Professional athletes and celebrities as role models Essay

Professional athletes and celebrities as role models - Essay Example 1). As contended by Shaw, Whitehead and Giles, â€Å"celebrities are meaningful figures in the lives of young people in particular, and elicit a much more complex set of responses than simple imitation (577). In this regard, one is firmly convinced that people are able to discern who among the professional athletes and celebrities could be good models and who are anti-role models whose influence could lead those emulating them into significantly disastrous consequences; as such, not all professional athletes and celebrities are good role models who must be imitated and revered. In a study conducted by Read, the author focused on â€Å"ways in which the gendered social construction of the ‘popular girl’ infuses girls’ ideas as to their role models: those representing who they would like to be when they ‘grow up’† (Read 1). Apparently, Read discovered that â€Å"young boys were not likely to consider either their male or female teachers to be r ole models – favouring instead sports or TV stars or male relatives and friends of their family† (Read 5). ... The reasons for selecting these personalities as role models vary. For girls, the reasons range from appearance, accomplishments, and personality (Read). â€Å"Many of the girls who cited aspects of appearance as reasons for choosing particular role models chose celebrities, especially pop singers, as their role models, often (but not always) choosing singers of the same ethnicity as themselves† (Read 7). Likewise, it was contended that the disparities between selecting professional athletes for boys and celebrities for girls stem from this theoretical framework: â€Å"boys have traditionally displayed an active posture and girls, a passive one †¦ girls’ behaviour has historically included a focus on relational and intimacy work, nurturance and emotional supportiveness, and a concern with developing feminine allure† (Adler, Kless, and Adler 170). Regrettably, at very young ages, the development of role models was recognizably premised on external appearances and the image that is projected on the outer facade. There could be danger of emulating celebrities with hidden vices and unconventional behavior. In an article written by Shaw, Whitehead and Giles, the authors explored the contention that â€Å"negative roles models, celebrated in the press, lead to the heightened risk that young people will themselves engage in health risk behaviours such as drug use† (Shaw, Whitehead and Giles 575). Their study focused specifically on Amy Winehouse, a talented singer-songwriter with publicly known image of drug abuse (Shaw, Whitehead and Giles). The authors cited a study written by Boon and Lomore study which disclosed that â€Å"the majority of participants claimed that their idols had a

Science, not Dogma Should Be the Standard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science, not Dogma Should Be the Standard - Essay Example Over the past century and one-half, however, people’s opinions regarding evolution have experienced an evolution. Many religious persons today acknowledge evolution to be valid. The Pope even admitted creation and evolution are compatible. Still, there are a dwindling numbers of people who choose to stubbornly reject the science and contend that magical account of life described in the Bible is the â€Å"gospel truth.† This emotion-charged dispute usually occurs when the fundamentalists object to science being taught in school. They want the creation version of events taught alongside the scientific version as a viable alternative. Eventually, everyone will acknowledge that the matter is not subject to dispute no more than the question of a flat earth vs. round earth is debated. Unfortunately, it will take generations to achieve this reasonable goal because our society evolves extremely slowly. Creationism is not based on the scientific model. No evidence exists, nothin g to test or question. It is based on the belief that a supernatural being magically created the universe including all life in it. The faithful accept this version of events without question because if they did question it they likely would cease to believe it. Science is a journey for the truth. Hypothesis is formed from observation, testing and retesting. When new information is presented the original premise is altered. Science continually tries to disprove the hypothesis or theory until the conclusion is shown as credible and irrefutable based on all available evidence. Religion readily accepts the explanations of an ancient, very superstitious and uneducated people. â€Å"Religion is based on faith that is never questioned while science is based on knowledge that is constantly questioned† (Edwards, 1980). Creationist’s first line of attack is that evolution is just a â€Å"theory† therefore unproven and unacceptable when compared to the God’s unassa ilable holy words. Evolution is scientifically proven by the same method scientists prove other universally held theories. Gravity is a theory. No one knows precisely how or why gravity works but we all know it does, same with evolution. Creationists require a much higher standard of proof from evolutionists than they are willing to provide. Religious fundamentalists thought the earth was flat prior to the 16th Century. In fact, since the church controlled the government at that time it was considered heresy to publically disagree with that falsity, a crime punishable by torture and/or death. However, learned people including Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella knew better. So did Aristotle who proved the earth was round 2000 years before Columbus. (Lienhard, 1998). Science was rejected then as now by the overtly religious but even they accept the scientific evidence regarding disease, that the Devil does not cause sickness. They also, because of science, realize the sun does no t revolve around a flat earth as is described in the Bible. â€Å"There are still many points of major conflict between science and religion. In each case, only one will eventually win public support. The historical record indicates that religion wins very few of these disputes† (Robinson, 2003) Darwin theorized that species adapt and change over the duration of millions of years according to new environmental conditions. He called this process natural selection. Darwin observed and recorded