Impact of mobile communication technology in the construction industry - Free Essay Example

1. INTRODUCTION The total annual turnover of the building and construction industry in most economies around the world amounts to billions of dollars per annum, contributing approximately 10 per cent of GDP (Olomolaiye et al, 1998, quoted in Farin et al 2001). Although the Construction sector is pivotal in any economy as noted above, it is however an industry which is plagued by inefficiency which is caused by the lack of communication within organisations involved in the delivery of a project solution. According to Bowden and Thorpe (2002), 65% of contractor rework is attributed to insufficient, inappropriate and conflicting information on construction sites. The problem of communication on most construction sites are exacerbated because many operatives working in the field capture data manually (or maybe use a standalone handheld device) which is then physically transported to office. The information may then have to be manually keyed into the office computer system. This process is time consuming and requires extra workforce to re-enter data into the office computer. The introduction of Internet and communication technologies has seen the urgency in the expectations of people within the industry to have access to the latest information produced at any point in the project life. These expectations reflect the increasingly competitive pressure within the construction sector to deliver quicker and cheaper solutions. It also reflects the increased electronic awareness that internet use has cultured, realising a one-stop information on demand medium. The invention of handheld computing device enabled with a suitable wireless capability has proved a valuable innovation which reduces travel costs, increase operative efficiency, and speed data transfer. Data can easily be keyed on site and communicated wirelessly to the office computer. This information can further be uploaded on from the computer to the internet or extranet enabling faster and quicker process which reduces times. The use of project extranet solutions (a single project database shared by all project members: Client; Designer; Contractors; Suppliers) and document management systems is now common on large projects. Mobile communication technologies therefore can strategically be implemented to reduce cost and increase returns on investment. There are many applications of mobile communications in the construction industry. This report however focuses on the impact of mobile communication technologies in the construction industry. 2. Mobile Communication Mobile communication is a technology that eases communication by linking individuals or groups who are not physically present at the same location via wireless means. There are various software and hardware been used such as PDA, mobile phones, CAD application, data capture, project management etc. The mobile phone is still the king of mobile communication, and it has evolved to include smart features such as picture messaging, diary management, e-mail and web browsing. Likewise, many handheld computers (Personal Digital Assistants) are being produced with phone capabilities. For many individuals however, affordable smart phones have become feature rich enough to lure them away from their handheld computer, mainly because smart phones are more compact (Kinns and Babtie, 2005). As smart phones win over the personal computing device market, handheld computers are being developed more for the business computing market. Users in this market are more willing to sacrifice device size for increased computing power, and so devices such as the Tablet PC and Ultra Personal Computer (uPC) are being developed. Unlike most personal use, business use of mobile communication is concerned with the transfer of all forms of electronic data. Equally important is the way in which data and information is captured, and then managed to ensure it is readily available to other people/ devices when and where required. Improved cost effective mobile computing power will further reduce the office/ field divide. The uptake of integrated mobile communication computing devices and services has been significant. This growth in use will continue as smart phone devices gain more features, and handheld computers gain increased computing power. This is the belief of many leading players within the construction and telecom industries. Companies need to plan for this wireless future, and exploit the expected growth in their business strategies. 3. BENEFITS OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION With the introduction of laptops into the work environment as a substitute for personal computers, the potential of the mobile worker became evident(Bowden et al, 2005). 3.1. Reduction in construction time and capital cost of construction According to (Bowden et al., 2005) mobile technologies can help minimise time and cut capital cost in the construction industry. Generic benefits of the provision of mobile technologies to point of activity workers include: doing away with retyping/redrafting, minimizing travel time in order to retrieve information and cut travel time to view point of actions or activities. Further explanation of cost savings and time are touched on in each of the developments assisted by mobile technologies below. 3.2. Reduction in operation and maintenance costs Mobile technology can help reduce maintenance cost and operation by improving upon the efficiency of workers and as well gather and provide information throughout the life cycle of a building or structure. The following construction industries (Network Rails London, North East and East Anglia Region) are using a PDA, GPS and GIS system to perform earthworks checks; look at the integrity of their embankments and cuttings. Network Rail currently obtains data from the inspections team on a week to week basis instead of waiting till the end of a 4-month inspection. This allows Network Rail to proactively organise their workload systematically. Getting Data using GIS can easily be grouped by condition enabling the identification of all poor earthworks, including their location (automatically recorded by the GPS). A maintenance team can then be instructed to rectify groups of faults in a single pass. Within 1 year Network Rail achieved benefits for the solution(Bowden, 2004). GPRS connected to PDA has been implemented by Rosser and Russell for obtaining new developments in terms of information from their maintenance engineers and delivering work orders. This has caused a significant change in administration required to accomplish their maintenance operation (Gooding, 2004). According to (Gooding and Bowden, 2004) GPS trackers are been utilised by Biwater for the implementation of fleet management system. This has given them the opportunity to able to analyse and track the actual position of their maintenance crews. Time has reduced drastically since the nearest crew to an incident could be spot on and instructed. The improved planning and implementation has considerably reduced maintenance cost, mileage, and also the fuel costs of the fleet. 3.3. Reduction in defects There have been several changes in national initiative that challenge the construction industry to target zero defects in handover. An example, even though Egan(Egan, 1998)came up with target for United Kingdom construction industry as a 20% annual reduction in the number of defects on handover, Egan proposed that there is considerably number of evidence which suggests that within 5 years the aim of zero defects could be achieved across the construction industry. Egan again touched on how some clients in the United States and the United Kingdom have already attained zero defects on handover. Taylor Woodrow and Mace piloted digital pen and paper solution and PDA solution respectively in their project. Both results gave them the knack to gather data electronically at source in a standardized format, and later were stored in a central database. The following trends could be searched on the database; reoccurring fault, re-offending subcontractors and setbacks in correcting errors. The various trends could be outline proactively. An additional benefit of having a central system for defect management is that the costs of rectifying snags can begin to be understood and hence a more proactive approach to managing quality throughout the construction process should be adopted to avoid these costs(Sommerville et al, 2004). According to (Newton, 1998) a research conducted in Australia depicted that 65% of contractor-rework is attributed to inadequate, unsuitable or contradictory information. Tablet PC system linked to a central database via a wireless LAN was developed by 3.4. Reduction in accidents For workers to report near misses, Mobile technologies could provide a mechanism that would increase the number of near misses reported in the construction industry. Those areas which need improvement in terms of electronic data could be analysed and highlighted. According to (Kiser and Fosbroke, 1994) the most common fatal injury is falling from height. OSHA Fall-Safe programme in the USA came up with a tablet PC audit tool(Becker et al, 2001). The work concluded that contractor control of fall hazards were improved when the conduct of an audit and the reports were generated. Next to fall from height are workers being struck by a moving vehicle which accounted for 10 fatalities in the UK in 2003/2004. In the Oil and Gas industry work is been carried out on the application of virtual exclusion zones for oil platform cranes. Cameras mounted on a crane boom can compute the position of personnel in an area hence could provide audible alert for the crane driver and personnel who are in d anger. Although, some vehicles give audible alerts this caution is not directed specifically to the person in danger and can be overlooked and identified as surrounding noise. This virtual exclusion or information zone could be utilized in the construction industry providing warning around machinery such as piling rigs or cranes and to provide information when entering areas with specific safety requirements. A step further along the line towards improving health and safety on-site is the possibility of automated construction, eliminating the need for personnel to be in dangerous areas. An example application is presented by 3.5. Reduction in waste Construction and demolition (CD) debris constitutes the waste generated during construction, renovation, and demolition projects. CD waste commonly includes building materials and products such as concrete, asphalt, wood, glass, brick, metal, gypsum wallboard, roofing, insulation, doors, windows and frames, flooring, and furniture. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that approximately 136 million tons of building-related CD debris were generated in 1996 the majority from demolition (48%) and renovation (44%). New construction generated only 8% of building-related CD debris(Fishbein, 1998). The first step in understanding and reducing wastage on-site is to know what materials and equipment have been delivered. Several construction suppliers are currently considering or piloting Mobile IT solutions to facilitate their goods delivery process, providing electronic goods received notes (GRNs) and proof of delivery. A commonly held view is that the weakest point of the supply chain in the construction industry is the site; paper gets delivered and then lost. It may not get filed properly and the people on-site have no real awareness of how all the documents in the supply chain are linked. Lost GRNs are a huge problem for both the contractor and the supplier. One supplier stated that out of 4.5 million tickets issued each year contractors asked them to replace 300,000 GRNs. A contractor stated that on a 45M project 133,000 of invoices was being queried on any one day; Chen et al, 2002). The benefits achieved in relation to waste reduction include: faster location of materials/equipment; certainty that only the correct materials are used, reducing costs associated with damaged items; reduction in lost or stolen items; easier maintenance of a materials tracking database. CPIC (Centre for Performance Improvement in Construction) has developed a toolkit for measuring performance on-site; CALIBRE 2000. Wastage in time, materials and energy are collected by construction observers using a PDA device, which is then synchronised with a central database. The PDA enables information to be collected in real-time and it is then available for analysis by the site team the next day. (Chen et al, 2002).According to (Chen et al, 2002)suggest the use of bar-codes to facilitate a crew-based incentive reward programme (IRP). The workers are rewarded according to the amounts and values of materials they saved from their operations. This resulted in a 10% saving of material wastage. In both of these examples the drawback is that collection of the data still requires manual intervention. (Li et al, 2005). This reduces the possibility of damage to materials from ingress of weather and movement of people, plant and equipment within temporary storage facilities. As stated above, the majority of CD waste is generated during demolition and renovation. RFID tagging provides the capability of attaching information permanently to building components, which in turn offers the opportunity to provide future owners with information about the make-up of each component. Items can then be easily identified for recycling or reuse; even those items that cannot currently be recycled may be recyclable in the future. This would eliminate some of the prohibitive costs associated with identifying and sorting materials, making recycling a more viable option. 3.6. Increase in productivity Productivity is defined as the ratio of the amount of work produced to the resources used in its production. Productivity is increased if it takes fewer resources to do the same amount of work, or the same number of resources can achieve more. The drive for improved productivity in the construction industry has come with the recognition that productivity is inextricably linked to international competitiveness(Teicholz, 2004). Several of the national construction change initiatives promote the use of information technology as a tool to increase productivity, through automating tasks and enhancing collaboration. Task automation provides the following productivity enhancements: delivery of required information e.g. method statements; production of reports e.g. daily progress reports; alerts e.g. notification of safety hazard; data collation, reduces number of administration staff required. One area where significant losses in productivity occur is downtime on-site due to unforeseen problems. The opportunity for mobile technologies to provide immediate access, from the point of activity, to the personnel which may be able to resolve the problem has been an ongoing subject of research(Ballard and Howell, 1994). The Last Planner system has been set up to facilitate this method of planning and its toolset includes: collaborative programming; look-ahead meeting; weekly work plan meeting. The premise is that better planning improves productivity by reducing delays, getting the work done in the best constructability sequence, matching manpower to available work, and coordinating multiple interdependent activities 3.7. Increase in predictability The construction industry is noted for its delays in project delivery and over budget(Bourn, 2001). This is engineered by the following reasons methods of procurement, communication issues and culture. This section of the industry could be transformed by using mobile technology to provide precise real-time progress and cost information as the project progresses. In the above sections it can be observed that communication enhancement from one phase to the other became possible and in some situations have been achieved by most of the construction industries. The following Mobile applications are already in use progress reporting, timesheet, materials management and plant utilisation. This should now pave a way for most construction industries to compare and contrast planned programmes or budget and use this information in future projects. 4. CURRENT USE OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION. 4.1 Software and Hardware Innovations in Mobile Communications 4.1.1 Software Mobile CAD applications: Mobile devices equipped with CAD applications used by Construction personnel can mark-up, view, create and edit 2D/3D AutoCAD compatible designs at any place at anytime on construction site. CAD application may contact engineers, drafters and designers etc. who needs supports of designs and drawings in the construction site. Majority of mobile CAD applications are compatible with well-known mobile devices that run Windows mobile and Windows CE operating systems (COMIT, 2003). In order to communicate drawing files with desktop PCs, mobile CAD applications can connect and swap data with PCs by using ActiveSync for Windows OS or HotSync for Palm OS. The following are some of the CAD applications been used PocketCAD, PowerCAD and ZipCAD. Data capture applications: Bar code scanning, wireless sensors network and data capture are the three various types of data capture application used on sites. One of the mobile data capture system known as SHERPA enable users to collect real time piling work data by using mobile computers through a wireless local area network (WLAN) (Ward et al., 2003). Mobile construction chain supply(M-ConSCM) also named as bar- code enabled PDA, has been developed to create convenience and improve information flow in the construction supply chain environment through the integration of bar code scanner and PDA combined (Tserng and Dzeng, 2005). A new innovation has come into play i.e. Wireless sensor network that consists of various devices capable of a cooperative sensing task and is compared with the concept of ubiquitous computing. A mass concrete curing management system (CMS) has been developed to investigate the possibility of applying wireless sensor network to on-site data collection proces ses (Lee and Kang, 2006). This system can allow the collection, transfer, and delivery of the recorded curing temperature data automatically in real time in a wireless sensor network environment. Project management applications: Applications in the project administration area provide users with the capabilities of project and programme management such as construction activity review, activity monitoring and updating, progress management, risk management, Microsoft Project file view and update, and material and equipment management, through their on-hand mobile computers. Available commercial applications include Primavera Mobile Management, CYtools, and OnSite FDM. 4.1.2 Hardware Palmtops / PDA Personal Digital Assistance PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), sometimes known as a Palmtop, is a mobile computer that allows you to store, access, and organize information. More sophisticated PDAs can run word processing, spreadsheet and industry specific applications and also provide e-mail and internet process. Some models now offer the functionality of a mobile phone and a PDA in a single unit. These units use either a Palm or Microsoft Windows Pocket PC operating system. In general, the more functions offered on the device, the shorter the battery life. Currently, there are no rugged devices available in this category, since they could be seen as more akin to a non-rugged mobile phone. Many of these devices use an electronic pen (called a stylus) rather than a keyboard for input. This is associated with special operating systems that support handwriting recognition so that users can write on the screen or on a tablet instead of typing on a keyboard. Hand-held Computers A hand-held computer offers the main functionality of a laptop in a smaller package. They feature a full QWERTY style keyboard and a landscape display. Typically, they run on a Windows-based operating system, like a desktop PC. Because they have a keyboard, this type of device is probably best suited where it can be used on a stable base, for example in a pick-up truck. Although the Windows CE OS is more demanding on battery life and memory, many of the devices will compensate for this by providing more memory space and larger capacity batteries as standard. 4.2 Health and Safety One of the most hazardous industries to work in the is the construction industry; it is noted that 3.6 per 100,000 workers in the United Kingdom encounter fatal injury, associating with 70 people, depicts an unfavourably average of 0.81 in the industry(Mckerman, 2001). 4.2.1 Case Study (Health and Safety-Skanka) The civil engineering division of Skanska known as Skanska Tekra Oya in Finland is currently using SMS/WAP and MMM based system which propels them to collect data electronically by using the supervisors phone. It then passes problem notifications on to the subcontractors who then respond with via SMS when problem is resolved. Issues which took days to complete could be dealt with in few hours and since then accidents have decreased drastically with the use of the system. The gathered data are stored on a central database facilitating the classification of trends to be automated. Continual non application can be emphasized and a more positive approach of doing away with their reoccurrence can be established, such as training preventative measures put in place e.g. warning signs placed at dangerous areas and barriers around overhead electricity cables. In addition, subcontractors who are time and again causing safety issues and are reluctant in putting an end to them can be dealt with properly. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health came up with a mobile system that replicates MVR safety method for civil engineers and is used in most construction industry in Finland. Coming up with a single tool and comparing across construction sites will smooth the progress of improvement hence reduce. The Accident Triangle(Heinrich et al, 1980)illustrates that fatal injuries are just the tip of the iceberg (Fig 1). Theory states that if you reduce the number of near misses, this in turn will reduce the number of fatalities. The records show near misses is performing badly. The reason could be the number of times they occur and the amount of paperwork that has to be completed and recorded. 5. Emerging Trends and innovation The core reason of mobile in the built environment is its mobility. Mobile phones (speech and text messages), cameras in cell phones, GPRS are the commonly used within the construction industry. In terms of logistics, quality control and control of equipment, RFID reader is applied. Additional use of RFID is the access right control, emerging in janitorial services; access rights controls and mobile access managements with very short-range wireless point-to-point interconnection technology. This technology is likely to become common in mobile phones, and in fact such kinds of phones are been in use in the industry offering intuitive and user-friendly touched based communication. The interactions that exit between the two devices are reasonable in terms of price and also low immunity to eavesdropping. According to (Tolman et al., 2006b) the new messaging and communication systems been used gives current method and possibilities to communicate and manage with embedded sensors networks in a buildings with general terminal equipments through local or global information networks. During the past decade the port of services has been rated as one of the most powerful trends in information technology. Services offered by web can be thought as environment where services are delivered in a formal way and this formal are interpreted by client side browsers. With the nature of all browsers been able to use all services it is of no importance to install locally specific software to use a specific service. Web paradigm is gradually taking place in mobile devices but there have been several impediments that slow down the trend. In technology mobile browsers are not in the same level as compared with that of desktop browsers and top of that since the web has been design with more resources, the of resources in mobile devices are limited hence makes it a problem. That indicates that mobile devices that use web pages should be designed for them. Web paradigm is a natural fit to mobile devices as distributing software to mobile devices is cumbersome and leads to difficult maintenance problems. 6. Challenges of mobile Technology in the construction industry Though the above benefits of mobile technology shows a headway for most construction industry in using mobile technology there are several challenges faced by the industry that needs to be addressed. 6.1. Hardware for Mobile Technology Handheld computers, lightweight and compact laptops have come into extensive use over the past few years; other devices like wearable computers are also making great impact as well. Where improvement has been sluggish the integration ofmobilehardware seams to bridge a users desktop, activities whilemobile, and the Internet. There are four basic issues that complicate implementation and design (Satyanarayanan, 1996). In relation to static element mobile elements are resource-poor in terms of weight, size and power. Due to the transmission of data through open space mobile communication are vulnerable to security violation. In addition, wireless connectivity is very unpredictable in reliability and performance. Finally,mobile elements must rely on limited energy sources. It is important to note that these issues are not artifacts of current technology but are intrinsic to mobility. Collectively, they complicate the design ofmobile technologysystems. As a result, even though important r esearch progress has been conducted, the implementation and design of mobile computing systems still remain a problem. 6.2. Location-Sensing One of the most widely used location-sensing today is the Global Positioning System (GPS). Using time-of-flight information derived from radio signals broadcast by a group of satellites in earth orbit. GPS makes it possible for a relatively cheap receiver (on the order of $100 today) to deduct latitude, longitude, and altitude to an accuracy of a few meters (Hightower and Borriello, 2001). The U.S. Department of Defence maintained the expensive satellite infrastructure, but with the investment been made many civilian benefits from it. Without a doubt, the past few years there has been a real sudden increase of GPS-based services for the consumer market. Although GPS is certainly important its location mechanism is not universally applicable. It cannot function indoors, particularly in places where there are steel-framed buildings and for many applications its resolution of a few meters is not adequate. GPS requires coordinates relative to specific objects whereas some applications (e .g., guidance systems for robotic equipment) use an absolute coordinate system. Further, the specific mechanism required for GPS impose cost, energy use requirements and weight that are difficult formobilehardware. Consequently, the following mechanism for tracking location (e.g., active badges, e911, and Cricket) considerably varies in their capabilities and infrastructure requirement. System costs vary as well, reflecting different trade-offs among device portability, device expense, and infrastructure needs. For applications involvingmobileobjects, orientation sensing (determining the direction an object faces) is also important, and this continues to be an active area of research. 6.3. Wireless Communications There has been a tremendous growth in the deployment of wireless communication technologies in the past decade. Although there has been considerable increase in data communication technologies, the most recognised one is voice communication (cell phones) which has been the primary driver. With many vendors offering hardware that supports the IEEE 802.11, wireless LAN technologies is now widely embraced in the construction industry (Williams, 2000). Although Bluetooth offers no bandwidth advantage as compared with 802.11, its standard has been backed by a number of hardware and software vendors and it is cheap to produce and frugal in power demand (Haartsen, 2000). The lowest-cost wireless technology in the market is the Infrared wireless communication this is due to the fact that it is primarily used in TV remote controls. IrDA supports handheld computers, laptops and other peripherals devices like printer been used today. Infrared wireless communication must be by line of sight, wit h range limited to a few feet. It is also affected adversely by high levels of ambient light, such as prevail outdoors during daylight hours. Greenhalgh claim that WI-FI network do perform well in open space when on construction site, due to the fact that when projects starts, getting wireless signals is easy but at a stage when they are boxed there seems to be interferences (COMIT, 2003). It is difficult to foresee what new wireless technologies will emerge in the future. Power consumption clearly will be an important factor for untethered devices, such asmobile computers, PDAs, and Smart Dust. In addition, it is clear that advances will be constrained by trade-offs among four factors: frequency, bandwidth, range, and density of wired infrastructure. Devices operating at a higher frequency could have greater bandwidth but would require major advances in high-frequency very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design. Advances also will be constrained by policy decisions on frequency usage (spectrum allocation) by the Federal Communications Commission. Range is fundamentally related to transmission power, but generating high pow er at high frequency always has been a difficult technical challenge. This is not a short-term annoyance but a core, long-term requirement of successful system architectures 6.4. Privacy and Trust Mobile computing and distributed system have been experiencing problems when it comes to privacy and this is greatly complicated by pervasive computing. Smart spaces, surrogates imonitor and location tracking are mechanisms used on a continuous basis. As a users keep on depending on this pervasive computing systems, they get more knowledge about the behaviour pattern, habits and the movement. Utilising this information becomes vital to successful proactivity and self-tuning. In addition, unless information used is strictly controlled, they will be unsafe from targeted spam to blackmail. Indeed, the constant loss of confidentiality will discourage users from using computing system. Greater dependence on mobile communications on site means that users should have confidence in that infrastructure to a considerable extent. On the other hand, the infrastructure has to be confident enough to authorise and identify users credential before responding to request. It is very challenging to cre ate this mutual trust in a manner that is minimally intrusive and thus preserves invisibility. Privacy and trust are likely to be enduring problems in Mobile communication technology in the construction industry. 7. Conclusion The current usage of mobile communication in the construction industry brings many change improvements wished for within the industry by enabling point of activity workers to participate in the electronic flow of information using mobile technologies. Although this is not the only solution to the problems to be addressed, it does offer the potential of significant impact in reducing construction time and cost, defects, accidents, waste and operation and maintenance costs whilst improving predictability and productivity through for example: access to accurate up to date information at the point of activity reducing the cost of remedial work through doing it right first time; Auto-ID of materials enabling faster location and accurate identification, reducing wasted materials through loss, damage or oversupply; Real-time accident and near miss reporting enabling a proactive approach to health and safety on-site; Reduction in down-time due to unforeseen problems through enabling instant and meaningful communication with off-site personnel; Proactive maintenance scheduling and remote delivery of work orders; Provision of accurate real-time progress and cost information which can inform later project stages and/or future projects. 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Sommerville, J., Craig, N. and Bowden S., (2004), The standardisation of construction snagging,Structural Survey,Vol.22, No 5, pp. 251258. Teicholz,P., (2004), Labour Productivity Declines in the Construction Industry: Causes and Remedies AECbytes Viewpoint #4 (https://www.aecbytes.com/viewpoint/issue_4.htm). Tolman, A., Mottonen, V. and Tulla, K. (2006b), Mobility in facility services, in Haugen, T.I., Moum, A. and Brochner, J. (Eds), Proceedings of Changing User Demands on Buildings, Needs for Life Cycle Planning and Management, pp. 559-65. Tserng, H.P. and Dzeng, R.-J. (2005), Mobile construction supply chain management using PDA and bar codes, Computer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol. 20, pp. 242-64. Walker, W., (1997), Behavioural Safety: Kicking Bad Habits, The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health, Leicestershire, UK https://www.iosh.co.uk/files/technical/ACFD6C4.pdf. Ward, M.J., Thorpe, A. and Price, A.D.F. (2003), SHERPA: mobile wireless data capture for piling works, Computer-aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol.18, pp. 299-312. Williams, S. 2000. IrDA: Past, Present and Future. IEEE Personal Communications, Vol.7, No1, pp. 11-19.

The Development Of Computer Development - 1631 Words

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER FROM 1980 TO 2014 The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of figuring out/ calculating devices. A generation refers to the state of improvement in the product development process. This term is also used in the different advancements of new computer technology. With each new generation, the circuitry has gotten smaller and more advanced than the previous generation before it. As a result of the making something much smaller, speed, power, and computer memory have proportionally increased. New discoveries are constantly being developed that affect the way we live, work and play. Each generation of computers is seen as the major technological development that basically changed the way computers operate, resulting in more and more smaller, cheaper, powerful, efficient and reliable devices As for now, there are four generations of computer which is first generation, second generation, third generation, and fourth generation. The first generation begins from year 1940 to 1956 using vacuum tube. For the second generation was from year 1956 to 1963 using transistor. Later integrated circuit was produced in the year 1965 to 1971. By the year 1971 until present the microprocessors is being used. Microprocessor is a miniature electronic device that contains math, logic and control circuitry needed to function as a digital computers CPU. Microprocessors are integrated circuits (Ic) that can understandShow MoreRelatedThe Development of Computers Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment of computer What is computer? According to Wikipedia, computer is a device that can be programmed to do a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. It is started with the basic device to perform a mathematic problem which is known as Abacus. Computer has been developing year by year and we have seen a lot of generation or development of computer nowadays. The first generation of computer starting from years 1940-1950, this can be called as the first electronic computer.Read MoreThe Development of Computers Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesTHE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS 1945-2013 What is machine before year 1935, it was an individual who do the number juggling estimations. Between year of 1935- 1945, definition alluded to machine, as opposed to an individual. The machine is focused around von Neumanns idea where gadget can accessto information, forms information, saves information, and produces output.it has experienced from vacuum tube to transistor, to the microchip.microchip starts conversing with modem. Nowdays we trade contentRead MoreDevelopment of Personal Computers2502 Words   |  11 PagesThe Development of Personal Computers The history of the computer goes back hundreds of years. From the abacus through the modern era the evolution of computers has involved many innovative individuals. It was out of this desire to innovate many fascinating tabulating machines developed. The modern computer, therefore, evolved from an amalgamation of the genius of many individuals over a long period of history. Many people shaped the world by making the efforts to develop technology. 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If we look closely today, the development of IT and Computer sector and its application have greatly influenced various other sectors like telecommunication, transport, agriculture, labour, finance, etc to be more efficient and effective at their work. Computers haveRead MoreThe History of Computer Development Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesEvery generation of computer experienced a major technological development that basically changed the way computers operate, thus resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices .The history of computer development is always referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. The first generation (1940-1956) is the Vacuum Tubes. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for their memoryRead MoreRecent Development in Computer Technology2872 Words   |  12 PagesRecent Development in Computer Technology Tablet Computer: A tablet computer, or simply tablet, is a complete mobile computer, larger than a mobile phone or personal digital assistant, integrated into a flat touch screen and primarily operated by touching the screen. It often uses an onscreen virtual keyboard or a digital pen rather than a physical keyboard. Electrical devices with data input and output on a flat information display have existed as early as 1888. Throughout the 20th century manyRead MoreComputer : The Application Development Crisis Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagessoftware development ran across a dilemma. It was commonly referred to as the application development crisis, or application delivery lag. Industrial professionals projected the time between an actual business need and an actual application in production was about three years. The issue was, businesses moved quicker than that, even 25 years ago. Within the span of three years, requirements, systems, and complete industries were expected to transform. This meant many developments ended up beingRead MoreEssay about History of the Development of Computers1478 Words   |  6 Pages In this world the development is consider to be the most important factor because human beings tends to invent and create new things so that they can compete with each other in their own field of work . Moreover, the people whom chooses their field which is relevant to computer appliances in their daily life also thinks the same and the develop the improvement of the computer from time to time until the computer technology reaches the development that we does not imagine before. When we thinkRead MoreComputer Hardware Developments That Affect The Business Use Of Computers1011 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion Four What are several important computer hardware developments that you expect to happen in the next 10 years? How will these affect the business use of computers? Hardware is any type of computer system that contains circuit boards, ICs, along with other electronics. Hardware is categorized in two ways: external hardware and internal hardware. External hardware is the devices such as the keyboard, mouse, printer, speakers, and thumb drives. Internal hardware consists of items like the

Essay Jonestown - 2179 Words

Cults have existed throughout history since the beginning of time. A cult is defined in Webster’s dictionary as a â€Å"system of religious worship with a devoted attachment to a person, principle, etc.† Over the past thirty years numerous religious cults have caused â€Å" tens of thousands to abandon their families, friends, education’s, and careers to follow the teaching of a leader they will never meet†(Beck 78). Opinions vary as to why people are drawn to cults. â€Å"Martin Marty, professor of religious history at the University of Chicago, attributes the growth of cults to the frustrations of seemingly rootless people†(U.S. News and World Report 23). Marty’s classification of a rootless person is a person who is overly frustrated by modern†¦show more content†¦Jim still being a youngster was left in the care of a neighbor. Even though Jim and his mother were separated frequently they still kept close ties with each other. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jim was brought up as a Methodist. He became quickly fascinated with the pulpit oratory. Vera Price, a childhood playmate remembers, †He’d always be the preacher, standing up making sermons†(Axthelm 54). Even at the young age of seven Vera, recalls Jim’s speeches encouraging strict discipline. She remembers occasions when Jim was playing with other children and â€Å"he’d hit them with a stick and make them cry. He had a power that most boys don’t have†(Axthelm 54). As Jim matured into a young adult this internal power he possessed was not fully matured. In high school Jim was in the popular crowd, but never the leader of the pack. â€Å"Only in retrospect does anyone claim to have spotted seeds of the horror to come.’ I had a hunch something bad was going to happen to him,’ says a middle-aged man in Lynn. He was smart as a whip. But he had some strange ideas. He never fit in with the town. He was different†(Axthelm 54). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jones graduated from Richmond High School just outside of Lynn, It took him ten years of off and on schooling to receive his Bachelor of Arts degree from Butler University. After graduation he worked for a short time as an orderly at a local hospital where he metShow MoreRelatedThe Jonestown Massacre610 Words   |  2 PagesThe Jonestown Massacre On November 18, 1978, in the South American country, Guyana, 918 people died from drinking cyanide poisoning. The Jonestown Massacre, led by Jim Jones, convinced men, women, and children of all ages to commit suicide or be killed in days to come by the U.S. government. This event would become known as the most deadly, non-natural disaster in U.S. history, before September 11, 2001. James Warren Jones, better known as Jim Jones, was born on May 13, 1978 in Lynn, Indiana. HisRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Jonestown Massacre1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe Jonestown Massacre was one of America’s greatest tragedies in history. Due to extreme Racism and persecution innocent people were driven to create a socialistic society only to realize there is no such thing. There are many causes and effects to the event of Jonestown massacre. Some examples of those causes and effects are the background, events, responses, and efforts. Jim Jones and the people of Peoples temple did not set out to be one of americas worst massacres, they just want equality andRead MoreJonestown Massacre : The Mass Suicide1125 Words   |  5 PagesJonestown Massacre: The Mass Suicide On November 18, 1978, is what soon come to be acknowledged as the â€Å"Jonestown Massacre† in modern history of the late 1900s. Where a cult leader names Jim Jones brought his followers to Guyana, South America to commit a mass suicide of 900+ people. He accomplished this by having every one drink a laced Kool-Aid. A few other things that will be discussed about with be how the Peoples Temple (the cult name) grew and got this many members. Also on what was in theRead More Jonestown in Guyana Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages Jonestown was a community built by Peoples Temple in Guyana that ended in tragedy with a death toll of 918 people. â€Å"Founded in 1956 by Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple accepted everyone into their church and focused on helping people in need. Jones originally established the Peoples Temple in Indianapolis, Indiana, but then moved it to Redwood Valley, California in 1966. Jones had a vision of a communist community, one in which everyone lived together in harmony and worked for the common good.† (Rosenberg)Read More The Jonestown Massacre: Jim Jones881 Words   |  4 Pagessomething that others have told you to do or did yourself. This saying comes from the cult society led by Reverend Jim Jones, named Jonestown. Jonestown was a small community in the jungle of Guyana, South America. After getting word of people coming to investigate the society, Jones had committed a mass suicide by poisoning Kool-Aid and giving it to the people of Jonestown. A cult society is an organization that basically disguises itself as a religion. In a cult, they normally perform rituals. ThereRead MoreA Look At Jonestown And The Peoples Temple1857 Words   |  8 PagesA Look at Jonestown and the Peoples Temple Many people have heard the phrase â€Å"drinking the Kool-aid† but few actually know where the term comes from. The story of Jonestown and the Peoples Temple is a complex one with many different causes and can sometimes be a tough topic to learn about. Nonetheless, there is much to be learned from it, as it shows the dangers of putting too much blind loyalty into a person or cause. The story of Jonestown began in 1955 when a man named Jim Jones Started a ReligionRead MoreJim Jones Genocide in Jonestown, Guyana947 Words   |  4 Pagesto remember and prevent future events. Little did we know that in Jonestown, Guyana, a holocaust-like killing would take place Saturday November 18th 1976. That date will be a day many will â€Å"Never Forget.† Jim Jones was a religious fanatic who started The Peoples Church. He preached socialistic views and lies to gain followers. With increasing paranoia he moved to Guyana with a thousand followers , most would never leave Jonestown again, but to be killed in a mass â€Å"suicide.†(Contemporary AmericanRead MoreJim Jones And The Jonestown Massacre Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 18, 1978, followers of Jim Jones shot and killed United States Congressman Leo J. Ryan and four others traveling with him on a fact finding trip to Guyana. Ryan was there to investigate complaints about the community called Jo nestown, which was largely inhabited by his former California constituents. After murdering a United States congressman Jones knew the end of his rule was near. He ordered his entire following, some 914 people, to commit what he called revolutionary suicideRead MoreThe Jonestown Massacre: Suicide or Mass Murder?1756 Words   |  7 Pagesarea of the small town of Port Kaituma in Guyana a horrid scene was taking place that would shock the world, and forever change the view of religion. Meant to be a paradise for the poor, the abused, the needy, and those wanting to change the world, Jonestown, founded by Jim Jones, leader of The Peoples Temple, was the location of a mass murder-suicide taking the lives of more than 900 people including countless children. â€Å"And, the way the children are, laying dead now, Id rather see them lay like thatRead MoreEssay on Jonestown Massacre: Mass Murder Suicide in Guyana545 Words   |  3 PagesThe worst mass murder suicide in history was the Jonestown Massacre. The Jonestown Massacre happened on November 18th 1978.More then 900 people were killed in the Massacre, 232 of which were children. The Massacre happened on a piece of land in Guyana that the People’s Temple, run by James Jones, had bought. The People’s Temple was a church run by James Jones who preached about diversity and racism. James was not a real preacher, all of his speeches were based on his opinions and theories of the

The Growth of the Roman Empire Essay - 1470 Words

The Growth of the Roman Empire Rome was founded in 754 BCE and began as a small village in central Italy. This small town however managed to become the greatest political power of its age, and eventually happened to acquire the entire known world through alliances and war in the years preceding the second century BCE. This included six overseas provinces by the year 150 BCE. (Scullard, 1982: 4-5) Romes rapid growth was unparalleled in ancient history, and to this day still leaves many†¦show more content†¦Rome did not go to war with neighbors for conquest, but as a result of Romes unique fetial law, a belief that is central to Roman morality. Fetial law was a long-standing religious rite, originating from an order of pagan priest and may pre-date the Iron Age (Wiedmann :). Though Romes religion and morality were a factor in its lack of offensive maneuvers, these beliefs contributed to the expansion of the empire through protection, and shows that wars were primarily fought in defense or retaliation. This is explained by Harris in the following passage, When Romans went to war they almost invariably felt that it was necessary to satisfy the formal requirements of the fetial law, according to which war could properly be fought onlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to obtain compensation for wrongs suffered. (Harris, 1971: 1372) It is on this principle that Roman infrastructure was built, and s we can see that Rome indeed had no real intention to become an empire. An example of fetial law can be seen in connection with the Jugurthine war. King Jugurtha had been rising up against Adherbal, his stepbrother and co-ruler of the kingdom of Numidia in the time of 118 BCE (Scullard, 1982: xi). Adherbal requested help from Rome, and as a result, Rome sent envoys in an attempt to settle any territorial tensions peacefully. After their failed attempts at peace however, the murder of Adherbal andShow MoreRelatedAids To The Growth of Christianity in The Roman Empire Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesAids to the Growth of Christianity in the Roman Empire In the Roman Civilization where the prevalent worship of Roman gods were impersonal and did not provide a moral base or a message of hope, in the fourth century Christianity was formed, born as a movement within Judaism. Christianity emphasized the personal relationship between God and people, slowly spread through the Roman Empire until ultimately dominating the western culture. Three of the several factors that aided to the growth of ChristianityRead MoreThe Roman Empire : How The Evolution And Growth Of Roman Society Changed Christianity1494 Words   |  6 Pages The Roman Empire: How the Evolution Growth of Roman Society Altered Christianity Rome was powerful, strong and had power over their people and they held on to it. Rome craved power along with control, eliminating any potential threats, no matter the size. Rome’s population was heavily influenced by its religion to control the population and to glorify the emperor. Rome developedRead MoreThe Roman Empire1551 Words   |  7 PagesStep 1: Plan What kind of technology in the Roman Empire affect its growth the most? I will be investigating from the start of the Roman Empire in 753 BCE to when the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE. This investigation will have a broad scope while investigating and include things from the Roman Legion to aqueducts and concrete. This investigation will not include technology that was not widely used to better the Roman Empire. The research question will answer my question by conducting researchRead MoreRome: Engineering an Empire812 Words   |  4 PagesStudent Name Professor Name Course Title Date Rome: Engineering an Empire It is said that Rome was not built in a day. True. It took ambition, lust, murder and the unrivalled power of technology to make the Roman Empire span across three continents and many centuries. While the contributions of ambition, conquest and other political and militaristic factors remain important for the Roman Republic to transform into an Empire, none of this could have been possible without the immense contributionRead MoreThe Economic Expansion Of Venice1738 Words   |  7 PagesForty, General Assembly, new doge had to swear an oath of office. The institutional innovations included creation of independent magistrates, courts, a court of appeals, and new private contract and bankruptcy laws. But there was a tension. Economic growth was accompanied by creative destruction. Each new wave of enterprising young men who became rich via the commenda or other similar economic institutions tended to reduce the profits and economic success of established elites. And they did not just Read MoreWestern Civilization Of The Byzantine Empire1195 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   11/16/17 The Byzantine Empire at its peak was the most advanced in its culture, economic structure and military.   With its many expanding and contracting moments during its period of growth it was centered around, and a major part of the Roman Empire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  It was called the New Rome, and was influenced by Greeks, Romans, and the Roman Catholic Church.(Bauer, 11)   It mainly was the purpose of retrieving much of the old Roman Empire.   It was located there because it was surroundedRead MoreEssay on Success of Christianity in the Roman Empire852 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Roman Civilization where the prevalent worship of roman gods were impersonal and did not provide a moral base or a message of hope, in the fourth century Christianity was formed, born as a movement within Judaism Christianity emphasized the personal relationship between God and people slowly spread through the Roman Empire until ultimately dominating the western culture. Three of the several factors that aided to the growth of Christianity in the Roman Empire were; the central beliefs andRead MoreFall of Rome DBQ Essay815 Words   |  4 Pages The Fall of Rome The great Roman Empire expanded across all of Europe and into the Middle East. Its military was one of the finest. With major trading in Africa and Britain, the economy flourished with brining many citizens a healthy income. With amazing advancements in culture and technology, Roman society was at its finest. During the Pax Romana, the Romans had 200 years of peace and good ruling by level headed dictators and emperors. Despite Rome’s greatness in allRead MoreThe Decline Of The Imperial Collapse Of Rome And Greece1725 Words   |  7 Pagesin the East Asia during the period 600 BCE toward 600 CE has had an remarkable achievements but those same achievements have caused them into decline. A combination of these causes sparked the slow decline of these once great empires.. . 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The Internet A Social and Cognitive Crutch - 1246 Words

The internet, and some other technologies have vastly evolved over time. It has made many tasks much quicker and easier to complete. However, there are some negative effects associated with the use of the internet and other technologies that many people, find so glorious. Where we once had to go out to meet new people we can now simply log on to our favorite social networking site, and make copious amounts of online friends. There was also a point in time where we had to recall most of our information from our brain, but now we can simply type the question in the search bar, and thousands of results are at one’s convenience. Therefore, it is possible that these applications of the internet are affecting our cognitive and social†¦show more content†¦Information such as this shows that the internet has become key to many friendships, which is where the issue of dependence arises. It is possible that society is coming to a point where we are replacing face-to-face interactions with online interactions due to the convenience compared to off-line settings. Face-to-Face interactions are very important. There are social cues given that simply cannot be read via instant messaging. According to Lenton and Francesconi (2010), an individual’s choice in a mate depends on certain social ques. When it comes to speed dating, Lenton found people in small groups focused on details such as religion, and education. People in large groups focused on cues that were quickly assessed like weight, and height (Lenton Francesconi, 2010). Speed dating might seem irrelevant to internet use however Lenton does discuss the importance of face-to-face interaction. It seems as though when meeting new people we put emphasis not only on personality and other aspects such as religion, but also the simpler aspects like aesthetics, and whether or not the other has graduated. When it co mes to being online those traits can get a little ambiguous since people have the ability to become who they are not when online. Information such as weight, and height are more difficult to find on online sites, and people on online sites are more likely to be deceiving. In a study conducted by Lu (2008) suggested that high sensation seekers wereShow MoreRelatedThe Illusion Of Technology1535 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially in the growing young cognitive mind. Technology has a significant negative impact on children, and should be closely monitored and limited. It is a common theory that the technology benefits children in their process into adulthood. The invention of technology has resulted in magnificent outcomes. It’s no wonder society has encouraged the mind set of â€Å"tech savvy† children. Some of these technological applications have shown to help cognitive skills, social belonging, and increase the abilityRead MoreHow Technology Affects Children2439 Words   |  10 Pageslive in an increasingly digital world, so I can’t say that I’m all that surprised that technology has become a part of twenty first century children’s upbringing. Children see technology everywhere; in contrast less modern technology stimulated cognitive growth, whereas more modern technology children are exposed to are designed to entertain more than learn. They see it at home being used by family members, at school, as it is now integrated into pretty much every content area, and it is always beingRead MoreMastering Graduate S tudies 1e32499 Words   |  130 Pagesprofession. The way people care for others, the level of integrity, the ownership of failure, all have to do with the code of ethics. A professional code of ethics is the mutually agreed upon standards by which business will be carried out, including social and relational behaviors, as well as ethical business practices. Whether you take on a new career, or are starting your own business, this is an important aspect of your existence both to your employees and to your customers. Personal Code of EthicsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesAssessment 47 The Defining Issues Test 48 v Cognitive Style Indicator 52 Locus of Control Scale 52 Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale 54 Core Self-Evaluation Scale (CSES) 56 SKILL LEARNING 57 Key Dimensions of Self-Awareness 57 The Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation

Social Science Analysis Free Essays

Social Science Analysis Educational Technology represents an interesting extension of Education as a societal scientific discipline. Though instruction is anchored in decennaries of scientific survey and analysis, educational engineering is in its babyhood as a societal scientific discipline. As Sayer ( 1992 ) reminds us, societal scientific disciplines are hard to analyze due to the big figure of variables and the troubles in insulating variables when experimentation is attempted on a societal group or in a societal scene ( p. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Science Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 ) . To this terminal, one must see whether educational engineering qualifies to be recognized a ‘science ‘ at all. In general footings, ‘science ‘ is defined as ‘the systematic survey of the universe around us ‘ . The American Physical Society ( 1999 ) further delineates scientific discipline as an entity that â€Å"extends and enriches our lives, expands our imaginativeness and liberates us from the bonds of ignorance and superstition† through experimentation/testing of Torahs and theories. In scientific discipline, cognition is gathered, organized, and condensed so that it may be farther tested to turn out or confute the work of others. Science involves the attachment to structured rules of survey ( scientific method ) , communicating between scientists, reproduction of experiments, and the credence of information that disproves before recognized theories or decisions based on new observations or decisions. Scientists must be willing to openly and candidly supply methods, processs, and informations to maintain scientific survey ethical, dependable, and believable. Based upon the definition and rules of scientific discipline, the field of educational engineering meets some but non all standards of scientific discipline. While educational research ( in general ) seeks to quantify the consequences of new attacks, course of studies, or even bing methods, there is trouble in retroflexing research due to the societal nature of the acquisition environment. Often, consequences vary from schoolroom to classroom or twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours as can be observed on pupil appraisals. Educational Technology is, hence, excessively ‘new ‘ to be evaluated as a scientific discipline since research workers are still in the ‘information assemblage and analysis ‘ phase. Though the scientific discipline of acquisition and the art of learning have been studied extensively, the job with educational engineering is that it is viewed more as a tool to learn other topics than as its ain separate field of survey. For this ground, much of the research conducted has focused on the effectivity of a bringing medium for larning instead than instructional schemes that use engineering in instruction ( Reeves, Herrington, and Oliver, 2005 ) . Clark A ; Mayer ( 2007 ) postulate that it is the instructional scheme instead than the bringing medium that determines larning results ( p.21 ) . Hence, until educational engineering embraces the ‘method ‘ instead than the ‘medium ‘ of engineering integrating, it will stay on the peripheries of scientific discipline and scientific survey. In order create a deeper credence of educational engineering among data-driven decision makers, educational engineering will necessitate to supply a greater sense of dependability through proving that can be replicated in any schoolroom. It is imperative that educational engineering be studied from the instructor ‘s position if it is to be efficaciously relied upon in schools and schoolrooms. Researching educational engineering for its offering of new media, appliances, and devices is the equivalent of purchasing a auto without trial drive it. Some educational engineerings may work better than others in certain scenes or with certain particular conditions but be wholly uneffective if non decently applied or instituted by the teacher. Web 2.0 tools and their societal deductions in instruction will non be trusted by pedagogues and decision makers until research is able to supply assurance that educational benefits exist through following these tools in the instructional procedure in a systematic mode that will bring forth an expected result as a consequence of applied instructional schemes and methodological analysiss. As a research worker, I will seek to make full the nothingness by utilizing the available research and informations to bring forth methodological analysiss for work outing jobs instead than merely supplying more informations that is merely focused on educational engineering tools. Mentions American Physical Society ( 1992 ) . Ethics A ; Values / Education: 99.6 â€Å" What is scientific discipline? â€Å" Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aps.org/policy/statements/99_6.cfm on 12-20-09. Clark, R. C. and Mayer, R. ( 2007 ) . E-learning and the scientific discipline of direction: proved guidelines for consumers. Malden, MA: John Wiley and Sons. Reeves, T.C. , Herrington, J. , and Oliver, R. ( 2005 ) . Design Research: A Socially Responsible Approach to Instructional Technology Research in Higher Education. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 16 ( 2 ) , 96-115. Sayer, A. ( 1992 ) . Method in societal scientific discipline. New York: Routledge. 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Theme of Marriage in Jude-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analyse the theme of Marriage in Jude the Obscure and A Room of Ones Own. Answer: Introduction: The following essay forages the theme of love and marriage in the nineteenth and twentieth century English literature with special reference to two of the greatest and most discussed literary pieces- Jude the Obscure, written by Thomas Hardy and A Rome of Ones Own written by Virginia Woolf. Though both of the literary pieces are quite different from each other in terms of dealing with the core subjects, a critical deconstruction leads towards a common platform of analysis. As a matter of fact, the intelligibility of the authors, playwrights and the poets and their acceptance of social practice pertaining to marriage had multi dimensional attitude though bringing the conclusion in to a single plinth of women emancipation. While one talk about the concept of marriage, Jane Austen cannot be negated however, the notion of women emancipation does not have strict hold on social liberalisation and empowerment of women. However, the effort of such would be found in the play A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen. Valerie Sanders has found that 19th century European literature took a massive turn in terms of perceiving marriage and expectations from women in so called progressing European society. With conceptual turnaround through the Norwegian Feminist movement, social strata of women succinctly became specific. This essay would continue to focus on the institutionalization of marriage that has been interpreted as flawed and unmerited. Hardy on a humanistic point of view has incorporated the concepts of feigned pregnancy, marital envy, achievement of social status through marriage. On the other hand the third chapter of A Room of Ones Own deals radically with the acceptance of marriage. A radical discourse can be taken into consideration since it has been dealt by Virginia Woolf. William Goetz in his paper The Felicity and Infelicity of Marriage in Jude Obscure has argued when Jude Obscure was published in 1895, it was interpreted in many quarters as Hardys contribution to the growing contemporary debate on the question of marriage. The candid treatment of marriage and sex in the novel became sensational with its contemporary conflict of its both. The novel depicts Jude, the protagonist who is viced into marrying Arabella by her contrived pregnancy. In this aspect, the act of pretention of Arabella can be taken into consideration of this critical paper. The novel stages the entire argument on the institution of marriage. As a matter of fact, Hardy does not show negativism towards the theme and concept of marriage. The historical conflict in the conception and perception of marriage in Jude and Sues family creates a basic difference in the basic understanding of the entire story. You have never loved me as I love you- never- never! Yours is not a passionate heart- your heart does not burn in a flame! You are, upon the whole, a sort of fay, or spirit- not a woman!- Sue was quite convalescent in delivering such dialogue. Chapter 3 of the novel deals with the separation of Jude and Sue. The chapter deals with a scene where two of the characters are found to sit together without even talking to each other. The stolid obstructiveness between two of the characters have been noticed during the entire course of the chapter. The cross marriage decision taken by the characters has to be taken in to certain consideration. Hardys presentation of the tragedy of Little Father Times murder becomes a natural consequence of failed marriages and unsuccessful gaiety. The negative consideration of marriage takes a sudden leap for the entire understanding of the actual case analysis of the characters. While studying the entire novel different questions pertaining to Hardys association with feminist approach can be taken in to consideration. According to Fang and Jiang, the feminist approach of Thomas Hardy can be judged through the characterisation of Sue Bridehead. Sympathising the circumstances that the Victorian women would undergo, Hardy has argued that the anti- marriage pronouncement of Sue; her refusal to accept the traditionally ascribed role of women in the Victorian society, acceptance of marriage and maternity has been a stoic change in the perception. Sues character reminds the reader of Wollstonecrafts essay Vindication of the Rights of Women. Sue in the novel is no polished a lady with Victorian elite. Sues consideration of love and marriage as a new woman is distinctively modern if not Victorian in approach. The aforesaid critics argument can be countered with the help of the following concepts. On the other hand, chapter three in A Room of Ones Own Virginia Woolf has elucidated the theme of marriage. With the effective understanding of the entre human race pertaining to the acceptance of marriage in a society that is somehow sombre and persuasive, it can be stated that expected change was somehow delinked. The essay has been a strong piece through which Virginia Woolf has considered that marriage has always been a hindrance to the emancipation and establishment of dignity of the women. As a matter of fact, the impactful marriage criteria have been a positive check with the help of a womans own room that would address the establishment of the entire understanding References: Dwivedi, V., 2016. Attitude of New Woman in Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure.International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies,3(4). Hardy, T., 2016.Jude the Obscure (Norton Critical Editions). WW Norton Company. Li, L., 2013. A Probe Into the Narrative Structure of Jude the Obscure.Studies in Literature and Language,7(1), p.52. Woolf, V., 2015.A room of one's own and three guineas. OUP Oxford.